emperor penguin vs mallard

The largest penguin, which breeds through the Antarctic winter and dives to over 500 m. The most common wild duck in the Northern Hemisphere and the ancestor of nearly all domestic ducks. On the measurements below, emperor penguin leads on more of them — but they do not all point the same way, and the ones that disagree are the interesting part.

The measurements

Where each one leads

• Mass: emperor penguin is 27× heavier.
• Lifespan: emperor penguin is 4.0× a longer life.

What this does and does not tell you

These are measured averages with real ranges behind them, and every figure links to its own page. What they cannot do is settle an encounter. Outcomes between animals turn on circumstance — who initiates, whether either is hungry, defending young, injured or cornered, and what the terrain favours. Size and bite force are not decisive on their own, and most of these pairs never meet in the wild in any case, because their ranges do not overlap.

Every figure here is an average with a substantial spread. Individual animals vary enormously — a large individual of the smaller species routinely exceeds a small individual of the larger one.